Research presented by Dr. G. Reid Lyon, the Chief of the Child Development and Behavior Branch at the National Institutes of Health, indicates that disability in basic reading skills is primarily caused by deficits in phonological awareness, which is independent of any achievement capacity. More clearly stated, Dr. Lyon has found that reading disability has no connection with learning capacity or intelligence. Further, deficits in phonological awareness can be identified in late kindergarten and first grade using inexpensive, straightforward testing protocol, and these deficits can be remediated using a systematic approach to breaking the English code.
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